Or so he thought. En route to the interview in Gao, northern Mali, in April 2021, Dubois, a correspondent for Libération and Jeune Afrique publications, was kidnapped. He spent 711 days in desert ...

A French soldiers mans a machine gun on board a Caiman transport helicopter during a night mission in Gao, Mali, in June 2021.

Under his leadership, many schools, universities and libraries were built and the empire doubled in size, expanding into the important trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao. Mali became famous for ...

in cities like Gao and Timbuktu. Using his large army, he invaded other regions and doubled the size of his territory, growing his already vast empire. It is estimated that Mali came to control ...

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A reader asks how to push back against the resurgence of traditional dressing. Our critic discusses the history of rebellion ...