Chronic bronchitis is an established phenotype with a clinical definition, associated outcomes, and targeted treatments. [1] The same cannot be said for emphysema, but a recently published letter [2] ...

Emphysema is a lung disease that damages the air sacs, making it difficult to breathe, especially during physical activity. Smoking is the primary cause of emphysema, but exposure to irritants, ...

In the first session, Professor Manuel G. Cosio of Montreal, Canada, discussed the structural heterogeneity in a lecture titled "Emphysema in Smokers, Lessons from the Animal Model." Current concepts ...